Essay Gender Identity - 1902 Words

Gender Identity Gender identity is an extremely relevant topic today. Many people have their own ideas on what is right and what is wrong for each gender to act, and these people are very vocal and opinionated about their ideas. One recent controversial story about gender identity was when a couple refused to tell anybody whether their child named Storm was a boy or a girl. Their oldest child, Jazz, who was originally born male, â€Å"always gravitated to dresses, the colour pink and opted for long hair often fixed into braids† (Poisson, 2013). Jazz now asks to be called â€Å"she†, and her experiences with gender identity are what inspired her parents to raise Storm as a gender neutral child. People were so upset over this decision that it sparked†¦show more content†¦During this stage comes the Oedipus complex which in his theory is a significant part of child development. Before the Oedipus stage, there is only the direct relationship between the child and t he mother. When the Oedipus stage arrives, the father comes into play (Flitterman-Lewis, 1992, p. 205). The same sex parent becomes a rival for the child because the child desires the parent of the opposite sex, but the same sex parent is in the way. From fear of castration, a boy will repress his desires for his mother and identify with the father and therefore develop masculine traits. The girl realizes she is already castrated and represses her desires for her father and identifies with the mother, causing her to have feminine traits. Although this theory seems sexist, Flitterman-Lewis justifies Freud’s theory by saying that the Oedipus complex signifies the transformation of the child developing its own identity as part of society. She also claims that the fear of castration and the Oedipus complex are â€Å"symbols for the way in which a given culture imposes its rules and order on all of us† (Flitterman-Lewis, 1992, p. 206), and that a child develops their identi ty as a result of these imposed rules. In response to Freud’s theory, Jacques Lacan developed his own theory where the unconscious â€Å"is structured like a language†Show MoreRelatedGender And Gender Identity And Development1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout the years. However, gender identity and development is something that has been both misunderstood and misconstrued by people for quite some time. The differences between â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex† is quite vast. According to John Carl: Gender is defined as the personal traits and position in society connected with being male or female. For instance, wearing high heels is associated with the female gender, while wearing combat boots is associated with the male gender. Gender is different from sex becauseRead MoreGender And : Gender Identity Disorder1287 Words   |  6 PagesGender Dysphoria, formerly known as Gender Identity Disorder, is described by the DSM-IV as a persistent and strong cross-gender identification and a persistent unease with ones sex. However, gender identity is not diagnosed as such if it is comorbid with a physical intersex condition. Gender dysphoria is not to be confused with sexual orientation, as people with gender dysphoria could be attracted to men, women, or both. According to an article written by, Australasian Sciences there are fourRead MoreThe Concept of Gender and Gender Identity1223 Words   |  5 Pages I am interested in the concept of gender and the deeper meaning of being considered a transgendered person. I feel that a lot of people do not know or care to know about these topics on a more in depth level. People who close their eyes to the idea that a person could be born with the physical aspects of a male yet have the psychological aspects of a female and vice versa, tend to be the ones who say that those people are going against nature or god. Discriminating against people on the principlesRead MoreGender And Gender Identity Disorder2178 Words   |  9 Pageswe re born, our gender identity is no secret. We re either a boy or a girl. Gender organizes our world into pink or blue. As we grow up, most of us naturally fit into our gender roles. Girls wear dresses and play with dolls. For boys, it s pants and trucks.† (Goldbur g, A.2007) However, for some, this is not the case. Imagine for a moment that you are a two year old boy drawn to the color pink, make up, and skirts. If this is the case than most likely, you are experiencing Gender Dysphoria, otherwiseRead MoreGender Identity Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesGender Identity Society should be more open minded with the topic of gender identity. Our society does not like rapid changes when they are publicly made; there is always a dispute or an opposition against those unexpected changes. The LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual) community is the â€Å"rapid change† that society finds difficult to deal with. Although, this community has always existed, but it has never been publicly recognized like it is today. Gender IdentityRead MoreGender And Gender Identity1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn light of performativity, political transformation via hegemonic cultural practices continues to advocate for gender parody. Overall, the recent exploration of alterity ethics complements performativity politics by exploiting the subversive potential of gender identity as well as female identity. For the oppressed individuals, power should be subverted via political strategy guided by the consequences and punishment with the o bjective of maximizing the good in the society. In other words, performativityRead MoreExploring Gender Identity And Gender Roles1809 Words   |  8 PagesEXPLORING GENDER IDENTITY, GENDER ROLES HOMOSEXUALITY Abstract Gender identity display people’s understanding of themselves according to cultural definitions of female and male. In this essay I will attempt to enhance our understanding by exploring different aspects of gender identity, gender roles sexual identity issues. Relying mostly on my research that is conducted in the U.S. EXPLORING GENDER IDENTITY, GENDER ROLES HOMOSEXUALITY Exploring Gender Identity, Gender Roles HomosexualityRead MoreGender Identity : Gender And Masculinity Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesGender plays an enormous role in every society around the world. There are debates about whether gender is defined by strictly biological characteristics or social attributes. Others argue that gender is a spectrum, rather than the dichotomy of male and female. Masculinity and femininity are sets of attributes, roles and behaviors that are associated with men and boys and girls and women, respectively. Both masculinity and femininity have specific traits that are both biologically and socially definedRead MoreRacial Identity And Gender Identity879 Words   |  4 Pagesdons a pink bow on his head to become â€Å"Erica.† Meanwhile, Randy Marsh (as known as Lorde to most and Stan’s dad) must battle with his gender identity and that of his music as women at his work are uncomfortable with sharing a bathroom with him, therefore he must rece ive his own against his wishes. While both Cartman’s and Randy Marsh’s struggles with their gender identity revolve around the use of a bathroom, through the juxtaposition of the actions of shooting a school and becoming transgender, theRead MoreSocialisation, Personal Identity, Gender Identity And Gender Roles1313 Words   |  6 PagesSocialisation, Personal identity, Gender Identity and Gender Roles: Boundless.com defines ‘Socialisation’ as â€Å"a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies providing the individual with the skills and habits necessary for precipitating within one’s society, thus the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained† (Boundless.com, 2015). The process of socialisation involves an individual such as an adolescent to have interactions

enlightenment revolution Essay - 709 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Reasoning Revolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The age of enlightenment took place in the 18th century and was thought by many of the period to be long overdue. Spurred by writers wishing to â€Å"awaken† the public from their stupor, it was an age of change. Enlightenment writers tackled subjects from inconsistencies in religion to the oppression of women in society. Utilized during the time were many aspects of writing. Inducing a feeling of fear or guilt within a reader and the use of satire was often combined to leave an impression on a reader. Most†¦show more content†¦Education was the foothold of this argument. She stated that without properly educated women they couldn’t be morally sound. Since women are responsible for instilling morals into our youth they would be raising continuous generations stuck withing the ignorance of the preceding age. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Many enlightenment thinkers were strongly opposed to traditional religious institutions and ideas. Yet only a few went so far as to profess atheism.2† The majority of the philosophes believed in a god and creation but didn’t personify its existence to the same extent of Christianity. They supported the belief that God set the gears in motion then stepped back and will not interfere. It was also stated by Thomas Paine â€Å"I hope for happiness beyond this life.2† This statement leads me to believe that the philosophes believed in a heaven. They also felt that religion at the time was a means to control the population and that monarchs and religious leaders were unjustly exploiting their power. They brought about a truly revolutionary thought in that your mind is your church. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the most famous early enlightenment writers was Voltaire. The most well known of his works was a satire entitled Candide. This novel had a strong effect on the writers to come as well as the commonfolk. In fact it had such a profound effect on the people it led to Voltaire’s being exiled.Show MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment And The American Revolution2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe Enlightenment and the American Revolution Everyone knows the story of how America came to be. It was similar to David versus Goliath, the American colonists against the potent England. England at the time of the Revolution, boasted the largest and most powerful fighting force in the history of the world. The Americans were rebellious country-cousins who wanted freedom from what they regarded as a capricious and tyrannical paternal England so they could govern themselves. The result was AmericaRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, which spanned from the late 1500’s to 1700’s, shaped today’s modern world through disregarding past information and seeking answers on their own through the scientific method and other techniques created during the Enlightenment. Newton’s ‘Philsophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica’ and Diderot’s Encyclopedia were both composed of characteristics that developed this time period through the desire to understand all life, humans are capable of understandingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment was an extensive intellectual, philosophical, and cultural movement that spread throughout Europe, predominantly England, France and Germany during the 18th century. The Scientific Revolution, which began in the 16th century, gave way to a new and revolutionary way of thinking. It encouraged independent thought, the capacity to ask questions, and a progressive attitude. Additionally, the enlightenment arose during a time when there was absolute monarchy and an extremely powerfulRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment1528 Words   |  7 Pagesplace known as the Enlightenment. During this movement enlightenment thinkers, or philosophers, argued that they must focus on the use of reason and secularism to better themselves and understand the universe. As the sciences became more popul ar, skepticism about religious grew. A significant root of the Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) which pressed the use of reasoning, inquiry, and scientific method in order to arrive that the truth. The scientific revolution was an attemptRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment And The Scientific Revolution1675 Words   |  7 Pagesworld evolved giving rise to the establishment of new social norms and scientific advances. Although the industrial revolution and the scientific revolution represented a giant leap forward in human development, the Age of Enlightenment delivered the greatest influence for the future American society and planted the way for cultural and humanistic enrichment. The Age of the Enlightenment raised new concepts in education, democracy, and human freedom. The new humanistic philosophy promoted the polishRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of ac hieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginning of modern history. The French revolution playing a role in furthering Enlightenment, will led to a chain of events that will change the course of the futureRead MoreThe American Revolution And The Enlightenment1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution brought about changes in the way the world viewed religion, science, and government. The Enlightenment, an European movement that affected social customs and political ideals not only in Europe, but also in America, brought these new ideas and changes to light. Enlightenment’s main goal was to seek out a better understanding of the natural world through reason. Reason is an individual trait, and, according to Enlightenment thinkers, this justifies that power should be helpRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1708 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment in Europe was a period in which ideas were legitimately from one country to another. It is also known as civilization time where traditional authority was put to the question while embracing the notion of humanity to improve human change. The French revolution was directly in motivation by Enlightenment ideals which marked a peak of its influence and a beginning of its fall. The Enlightenment s imperative of the seventeenth-century forerunners incorporated the Englishmen Francis BaconRead MoreEssay on The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scientific revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries changed the way that people views the world. Scientific philosophers such as Galileo and Descartes threw out the old teachings of the church and challenged them with new ways of thinkin g. These men sought to prove that rational thought could prove the existence of God. They also challenged that it was an understanding of a series of rational thoughts, not faith, would bring understanding of how the world worked. Traditional ways of thinkingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Age Of Enlightenment854 Words   |  4 PagesBorn of two fathers, the American Revolution and the age of enlightenment, the French revolution was primarily a social upheaval that conspired to overthrow religious and privileged classes. The French Revolution changed the degree to which the people were willing to suffer and sacrifice in order to achieve their war aims through democratizing the Army and creating the necessity of larger political alliances than ever before. Guibert wrote in his Essai: Imagine that there arose in Europe a people

Anglo

Anglo-Saxon Poetry Essay The Anglo-Saxons were the population In Brutal partly descended from the Germanic tribes who migrated from continental Europe and settled the south and east of the island beginning In the early fifth century A. D.. The Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period of English history after their initial settlement through their creation of the English nation and up to the Norman conquest. The are revered for their literature and poems, still treasured today. Just by reading their literature, we can get a good understanding of how ideas were expressed back then. Their poems tell us about Anglo-Saxon culture, their views on 3. The hero, often a deem-god, possesses distinctive weapons of great size and power, often heirlooms or presents from the gods. 4. The hero must undertake a long, perilous Journey, often involving a descent into the Underworld, testing his endurance, courage, and cunning. 5. Although his fellows may be great warriors (he may have a committals, or group of noble followers with whom he grew up), he undertakes a task that no one else dare attempt. 6. Whatever virtues his race most prizes, these, the epic hero as a cultural exemplar, possesses in abundance. 7. The concept of ARet (Greek for bringing virtue to perfection) is crucial to understanding the epic protagonist. 8. The hero gains little honor by slaying a lesser mortal, but only by challenging heroes like himself or adversaries of superhuman power. 9. The two great epic adversaries, the hero and his antagonist, meet at the climax, which must be delayed as long as possible to sustain maximum interest. 10. The heros epic adversary is often a god-despiser, one who has more respect for his own mental and physical abilities than for the power of the gods. The adversary might also be a good man sponsored by lesser deities, or one whom the gods desert at a crucial moment. 1 1 . The hero may encounter a numinous phenomenon (a place or person having a vine or supernatural force) such as a haunted wood or enchanting sorceress whose strength, cunning, and divine assistance he must use to overcome obstacles Old English heroic poetry is the earliest extant in all of Germanic literature. It is thus the nearest we can come to the oral pagan literature of Germanic culture, and is of such inestimable value as a source of knowledge about many aspects of Germanic society. The traditional epics (also called primary epics or folk epics) were shaped by a literary artist from historical and legendary materials which had developed out of the oral traditions of his nation during a period of expansion and warfare. To this group are ascribed the Iliad and Odyssey of the Greek Homer, and the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf . The literary or secondary epics were composed by sophisticated craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. One such example is Virgins Latin poem the Manned, which later served as the chief model for Millions literary epic Paradise Lost. Virgil and Milton wrote secondary or literary epics in imitation of the earlier primary or traditional epics of Homer. They adopted many of the conventions of Homers work, including he invocation of a muse, the use of epithets, the listening of heroes and combatants, and the beginning in medias rest which refers to the notion of action beginning in the middle of critical moments. An epic or heroic poem falls into one of two patterns, both established by Homer: the structure (and allegory to life) may be either war or Journey, and the hero may be on a quest or pursuing conquest. Features of legend building evident in epic include the following: 1 . The heros near-invulnerability; 2. The heros fighting without conventional weapons (as in Beowulf wrestling Greened); 3. The heros inglorious youth; 4. The heros auspicious birth, an attempt at the reconstruction of the early life of a notable adult; 5. Transference of the deeds and events associated with one hero to another of similar name. Such events would include the gods arming a hero ( a metaphor for wondrous strength so great it must have seemed to have divine origins) and the hero is descending to the Underworld ( a metaphor for facing and) 6. Historical inclusiveness: the poem presents a whole culture although the action is localized, flashbacks and inset narratives geographical and chronological scope to include the whole oft culture heroes; 7. The hero is a dramatic protagonist in each scene of a play the stage Milton employed the epic machinery of Homer and Virgil while their ethos from that of the man of action to that of the man of and love. In attempting to make this shift, Milton was surely race heroic poem is essentially non-Christian since it is based on the physical action, a warrior and military leader. Although an epic original (primary), it must be unified in plot and action, and not Coming to heroic poetry, Anglo-Saxon in particular, the focus s primary epic these epics were composed without the aid of w to a musical accompaniment. Thus, the composition of the oral cause it was constructed for recreational purposes. They are structure the episodes can be detached from the whole and separate poems or stories. The heroic ideal suggests that the e epic are more concerned with their own personal self-fulfillment the personal concept of heroism, and the self-fulfillment and id hero. The national concept is secondary. The language in the o repetitious use of stock phrases and descriptions to aid its oral tending toward pleasing the ear rather than the eye. Focus is p spoken word. The movement tends to be cyclical, encompassing return. The primary epics were developed in cultures that had sectional identity or unity: Greek city-states, for instance. Exam include: the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the most essential one, con this essay, Beowulf. Beowulf, a complete epic, is the oldest surviving Germanic epic longest and most important poem in Old English. It originated transmitted orally from one generation to the next; court poets the bearers of tribal history and tradition. The version of Oboe heros auspicious composed by a Christian poet, probably early in the 8th cent intermittent Christian themes contained within the epic, although themselves, are not integrated into what is essentially a pagan elaborate the heros fearless and bloody struggles against MO courage, honor, and loyalty as being the chief virtues in a world s-. Ere. TN s Beowulf is a solid and comprehensive example of native epic p alliterative unrushed rhythm. Though it is often viewed both as the archetypal Anglo-Saxon literary work and as a cornerstone of modern literature, Beowulf has a peculiar history that complicates both its historical and its canonical position within English literature. By the time the story of Beowulf was composed by an unknown Anglo-Saxon poet around 700 AD. , much of its material had been in circulation in oar reiterative form for many ye ars. The Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian peoples had invaded the island of Britain and settled there several hundred years earlier, bringing with them several closely related Germanic languages that would evolve into Old English. Elements of the Beowulf storyincluding its setting and charactersdata back to the period before the migration. The action of the poem takes place around 500 A. D. Many of the characters in the poemthe Swedish and Danish royal family members, for examplecorrespond to actual historical figures. Originally pagan warriors, the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian invaders experienced a large-scale inversion to Christianity at the end of the sixth century. Though still an old pagan story, Beowulf thus came to be told by a Christian poet. The Beowulf poet is often at pains to attribute Christian thoughts and motives to his characters, who frequently behave in distinctly UN-Christian ways. The Beowulf that we read today is therefore probably quite unlike the Beowulf with which the first Anglo-Saxon audiences were familiar. The element of religious tension is quite commonplace in Christian Anglo- Saxon writings (The Dream of the Rood, for example), but the combination of a pagan story with a Christian narrator is fairly unusual. The plot of the poem concerns Scandinavian culture, but much of the poems narrative intervention reveals that the poets culture was somewhat different from that of his ancestors, and that of his characters as well. The world that Beowulf depicts and the heroic code of honor that defines much of the story, is a relic of pre-Anglo-Saxon culture. The story is set in Scandinavia, before the migration. Though it is a traditional storypart of a Germanic oral traditionthe poem as we have it is thought to be the work of a single poet. It was composed in England (not in Scandinavia) and is historical in its perspective, recording the values ND culture of a bygone era. Many of those values, including the heroic code, were still operative to some degree when the poem was written. These values had evolved to some extent, over the course of the intervening centuries and were continuing to change. The Crucible respond to Arthur Miller's play EssayWhereas the youthful Beowulf, having nothing to lose, desires personal glory, the aged Warthogs, having much to lose, seeks protection for his people. Though these two outlooks are somewhat oppositional, each character acts as society dictates he should given his particular role in society. While the values of the warrior become clear through Beowulf example throughout the poem, only in the poems more didactic moments are the responsibilities of a king to his people discussed. The heroic code requires that a king reward the loyal service of his warriors with gifts and praise. It also holds that he must provide them with protection and the sanctuary of a lavish mead-hall. Hoarders speeches, in particular, emphasize the value of creating stability in a precarious and chaotic world. He also speaks at length about the kings role in diplomacy, both with his own warriors and with other tribes. Beowulf own tenure as king elaborates upon many of the same points. His transition from warrior to king, and, in particular, his final battle with the drag reiterates the dichotomy between the duties of a heroic warrior and those of a king. In the eyes of several of the Seats, Beowulf bold encounter with the drag morally ambiguous because it dooms them to a kingliness state in which they re vulnerable to attack by their enemies. Yet Beowulf also demonstrates the sort restraint proper to kings when, earlier in his life, he refrains from usurping Hay throne, choosing instead to uphold the line of succession by supporting the appointment of Hagglers son. But since all of these pagan kings were great w in their youth, the tension between these two important roles seems inevitable ultimately irreconcilable. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the texts major themes. The Oral Tradition Intimately connected to the theme of the importance of establishing ones idà ©e the oral tradition, which preserves the lessons and lineages of the past, and h spread reputations. Indeed, in a culture that has little interaction with writing, the spoken word can allow individuals to learn about others and make their Tories known. This emphasis on oral communication explains the prevalence bards tales (such as the Hero scoops relating of the Finishing episode) and warriors boastings (such as Beowulf telling of the Berea story). From a broad perspective, Beowulf itself contributes to the tradition of oral celebration of cue heroes. Like Homers Iliad and Odyssey, Beowulf was passed on orally over ma generations before being written down. The Mead-Hall The poem contains two examples of mead-halls: Hoarders great hall of Hero Denmark, and Hagglers hall in Eastland. Both function as important cultural institutions that provide light and warmth, food and drink, and singing and re Historically, the mead-hall represented a safe haven for warriors returning fro battle, a small zone of refuge within a dangerous and precarious external world continuously offered the threat of attack by neighboring peoples. The mead-h also a place of community, where traditions were preserved, loyalty was rear and, perhaps most important, stories were told and reputations were spread. Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract or concepts. Because ritual behaviors and tokens of loyalty are so central to pa Germanic culture, most of the objects mentioned in Beowulf have symbolic sat bayonets noun tenure as transition from warrior t. Reiterates the dichotomy morally ambiguous became vulnerable to attack dye TTL restraint p paper to kings throne. Root,s. En instead appointment of Hugely: ultimately irreconcilable Motifs drew recur r Inning star develop ant Inform the I Intimately connected to the oral trait. N. . which spread reputations, Indeed the spotÐ’Â «en nor d can all( stories knave. RL This meme bards tales (such as the warriors hosier,gas {cut perspective, Beowulf its her LEG Hornets Lila, generations before being The Mead-Hide The poem contemns two f Demander timid Hecklers Institutions that provide Historically. The mead-he continuously tottered the also a place of commune; nod, perhaps [ghost iron Symbols ar e bootees. Chi. Or concepts erases rite Germanic culture, most( just for the readers but also for the characters in the poem. The Golden Torque The collar or necklace that Halloween gives Beowulf is a s loyalty between her people and Beowulfand, by extension, symbolic object is reinforced when we learn that Hugely id furthering the ideas of kinship and continuity. The Banquet The great banquet at Hero after the defeat of Greened, re rider and harmony to the Danish people. The preparation the damaged mead-hall, which, in conjunction with the ban rebirth of the community. The speeches and giving of gifts, this societys interactions, contribute as well to the sense of Returning to the presentation and the transmitting of the SST placed upon the scoop. It is an Old English name for the pr harpist and poet-singer, normally a member of a royal houses shaper and conservator in England of Old Germanic poetic and honored class, sharing with his audience a critical inter commanded a mastery of the complex oral-formulaic mater prosody hardly comprehensible to lettered societies. His re than necromantic court verse: he was also a folk historian: a celebrations of heroic boldness and sacrifice, mingled with secular or Christian morality, have been preserved in later part of the Anglo-Saxon poetical corps.. It is likely that the try depended less upon the personality and talent of an individual formulaic materials with which he worked, the cooperative audience, and their common familiarity with traditional the to distinguish between the art of popular and courtly poet court glean and that perhaps of a chieftain who might TA a lay himself; or that of a warrior-singer whose function as incidental to his personal knowledge of a battle; or even the like Academe, who had no training as a singer, but who nevi art of narrative verse on Christian themes in what must have thoroughly traditional manner. The elegiac theme, a strong undercurrent in Beowulf, is cent Wanderer and The Seafarer. In these works, a happy past is precarious and desolate present. In this heroic poetry, all of greatness is measured less by victory than by perfect loyal extremity. Just for the readers but also for the char The collar or necklace that Halloween gal. loyalty between her people and Beowulf;; hemolytic object is reinforced when we lea furthering the ideas of kinship and concur The great banquet at Hero after the defy order and harmony to the Danish people. He damaged mead-hall, which, in conjunct rebirth of the community. The speeches this societys interactions, contribute as Returning to the presentation and the tram placed upon the scoop_ It is an Old English harpist and poet-singer, normally a met shaper and conservator in England of Lot and honored class, sharing with his audio commanded a mastery of the complex ROR prosody hardly comprehensible to letterer than necromantic court verse: he was alls elaborations of heroic boldness and sacra secular or Christian morality, have been part of the Anglo-Saxon poetical corps.. It depended less upon the personality and formulaic materials with which he worker audience, and their common familiarity to distinguish between the art of popular court glean and that perhaps of a chic a lay himself; or that of a warrior-singer v, incidental to his personal knowledge of a like Academe, who had no training as a is art of narrative verse on Christian theme: The elegiac theme, a strong undercurrent Wanderer and The Seafarer. In these word precarious and desolate present. In this retreats is measured less by victory dhal Taking into consideration an elegy as a genre common in world literature, and that very is condition and poetrys function, independence literatures, elegies are formally defined in Old English, elegy is more oaf mode or m of many types, all using the basic four-stress we see evidence that the poets Job as keep produced frequent occasions on which the in sadness. Like the biblical psalmist, however generalize the consequences of Times cord turning the poems into fleece, sad condemned are celebrated in the epic war songs: rings, and the great halls of kings.

Impact Of Motivation Employee Performance-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Impact Of Motivation On Employee Performance? Answer: Introducation According to Douglas McGregor a psychologist and a Management professor said about two different approaches, which he named as Theory X and Theory Y. In both the theory he talks about involvement of the employees so that they feel as a integral part of the organization. Theory X tells that Hell or high water, we are going to get it done. He motivates the employee that whatever the situation may have arose, we will achieve success. Theory Y tells that I need your help how are we going to do this? We can see in both the situation he is saying we and involving the employees. In theory Y he asks help giving them a higher position which itself is motivating in nature (Ankli Palliam, 2012).To be an effective leader it is very important to identify the leadership theory that will be applicable for a given situation in an organization. Theory of expectancy According to Victor Vroom he mentioned in this theory that an employee wants to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. An employee will only be motivated if that person believes that a particular work can be achieved (Canrinus et al., 2012). If someone believes that a particular task is possible to achieve in that case the employee will try to achieve in doing the work and this will motivate them. If an employee does not believe that a particular task is not achievable, in that case the person will not be motivated to perform that particular job and will try to ignore the work. This may be the reason for de-motivation of the employees. There are some other factors that decide the motivation criteria. These factors are as follows; It depends what kind of support the employee is getting from the employer. If the employee is getting good support from the employer, in that case it can be a motivating factor for the employees, and otherwise they may get de-motivated (Chen et al., 2014). If the employee does not have the skill required for doing a particular task, in that case the employee can get de-motivated (Daley, 2012). If the equipment those are being used in performing a particular work is outdated or may be not up to the mark in that case the employee may lack motivation. Upon giving full effort for the side of the employee they are not getting the desired results. The motivation also plays a role in the job, a particular job. If the person like time job that they are doing in that case it becomes a motivation for them. If they dont feel good about the job that he or she is doing in that case it can be de-motivation (Dinibutun, 2012). McClellands Theory of Needs: As mentioned by McClelland that an Individual is driven by three theories, those are achievement, Affiliation and Influence. Achievement The motivation of the people is derived by the achievement. The more A person achieves the drive becomes more. The person tries to achieve more. The motivation increases with the achievements. The feedback of his doings brings a positive reaction in the mind of that person and positive reaction helps to bring motivation within that person (Guilln, Ferrero Hoffman, 2015). Affiliation The team work helps to increasing motivation in a person. As a person works in co-ordination it brings a form of competition and achieving want within that person. This increases motivation within the person. Power Every individual need power so that they can feel to be in control and can influence others. The power is a very important factor. Every individual wants to enjoy power as much as they can. Power or control is something that drives the individual. This is a great motivating power for the individual (Hovivyan, 2014). Goal setting theory It is proposed by Edwin Locke that setting some precise goal for the individual will improve their performance. If the individual is given some goal in that case the individual feels that it is a challenge for them and as it is a fact that all challenges drive people. So in this case the individual will take the goal as a challenge and will try to achieve that challenge. In this situation the performance will increase. The individual will feel that urge to achieve the goal that is being set in front of them. The goals should not be easy but they should be achievable. Easy goals which can be achieved easily will not improve the performance of the individual (Jiang et al., 2012). The goal should be achievable otherwise it will act in opposite to the situation and thereby will de-motivate the individual and the result of this will be that the individual will stop performing as being sure that they wont be able to achieve the goal. The individual should be rewarded with something upon achievement of the goal as it is the common human behavior that human beings want return of their hardship. So is a person does not get any return or any reward of their hard work in that case the person will not get motivated to do the particular work. So to get him motivated to do the work we should set some reward for him. Reinforcement theory This is a better way of how the goal setting theory works. According to Pavlov it tells that this theory tells us about the factors that control the human behavior. In relation to the theory mentioned that is goal setting theory, it is a better way to approach of look in the situation that what motivates the human behavior. The human behavior is a very complicated thing and it is very hard to understand that what drives human behavior. According to this theory it explains how the human behave and in contrast to the theory of goal setting it explains in much deeper way how the goal setting theory work and how the humans behave in different situation. It also explains how the goal setting theory works and how the people can be influenced through this theory. It explains the goal setting theory in much deeper sense. The individual behavior when a goal is set in front of them (Johnson, 2012). The theory of equity This theory involves around the principle of balance and the equity. This theory says that the principle of motivation of an individual depends on their perception of the equity. This theory also tells us that the motivation level of an individual depends on the level of fairness practiced by the management. In other words the more the management will be fair the more the individual will get motivated (Khan, 2012). The motivation of an individual comes from their perceived equity and the amount of fairness that is being show from the side of the management. If the management does not prove to be fair, in that case in such a situation the individual will get de motivated and will not like to give their full effort in doing the work. So the management should be totally fair to help the individual to perform better, so that the individual gives full effort so that the particular job can be achieved. The more the fairness that is being perceived by the individual the better the individua l will perform. As the individual will perceive more equity and more fairness in that case the particular individual will get more motivated and will stay motivated to perform their task with greater effort. The individual in such a situation will perform very highly and will fetch great reward. Employee Performance In a regular situation of working condition shows that there are various levels of motivation. This level of motivation varies in nature. In a situation that is unique in nature, in a situation like that, it motivates maximum level of employee motivation. As the employee gets motivated they tend to generate maximum performance. They try to give maximum effort possible and this effort tends to generate maximum results. As they tend to maximize their efforts in a result there result also gets maximum outcome (Cerasoli, Nicklin Ford, 2014), The performance of the employee is a major concept, when it comes to the level of work and strategy of the organization. Now-a-days it can be seen that the structure or concept behind the performance of the employee is going through some noticeable changes. The concept of performance behind an Individual too is facing some major changes. As in the current scenario the situation is such that each and every organization needs individual who can perform to the highest level possible. Every organization needs the best performance from their employees. The performance of the employees also decides the performance of the organization. So we can say that the an organization is totally dependent upon its employees performance (Tims, Bakker Derks,2013). Organization is need extreme need of those individual who performs at a very high level. On the other hand performance is also very important for the employees. The performance gets the employees motivated and also serves the interest of the organization. As an employee achieves a task they get a satisfaction which is very important for the employee in relation to the amount of motivation. This motivation derived from their own performance gives them huge confidence and helps them develop skills and also perform better in the future. On the other hand if the employees could not achieve their goals or target then they tend to generate a dissatisfying emotions within themselves. This emotion tends to lower their confidence and motivation level. This type of situation tends to affect them extremely in a negative way. This is not a very favorable outcome for the organization as well. With the failure of the employees the organization also faces losses and negative impact. The individuals who are great performers in an organization get promotion very easily on the basis of their performance. Whereas the person who are not performing well they tend to become a burden for the organization and the organization does not provide any appraisal or any kind of reward. If the performance of an Individual is good in that case it will easily gets reflected in the work of the particular individual. There are six theories of performance. These theories act a frame work that explains what performance and how is it important. According to this theory the performer can be a particular employee or a group of employees (Oswald, Proto Sgroi, 2015).The level of performance depends upon six factors, which determine the level of performance of an employee. The Six factors are as follows: Context Level of Knowledge Level of skills Level of Identity Personal Factors Fixed Factors These factors determine the mindset of an individual. It is seen in the past that human beings can do extraordinary things if they are motivated (Judge et al., 2014).There are some people who are self motivated and others who need to be motivated. So in the act of employee performance the act of motivation plays a very important role. If an employee is motivated properly the employee may give extraordinary results. In order to perform the individual has to use their knowledge and the skills that they have in order to perform a task so that they may come out great results. Performance is the process of learning and we can say that performance is not the end result. Through performance an individual tends to learn and gather some new skill through experience. This process is not the end, rather it is a journey where there are learnings through which an employee tends to learn many new things and gather new experiences that helps him to become more skilful in the future ahead, so that they may become an individual with better skills and can perform better (Judge et al., 2013). An organization is totally dependent upon its employees and its employees are the pillar of the organization that withholds the organization so that it can succeed. So we can say that in order for an organization to succeed it is very important for their employees to succeed. If there employees performs well then automatically the organization will proceed in a situation where it can outperform any of its competitors. If a employee is motivated in such a way that they grow high in confidence and skills. These will be an extremely benefiting situation for the organization (Hamari, Koivisto Sarsa,2014,). Peter Principle This is concerned with thestudy of occupational incompetenceand the study ofhierarchies.Theanalysis ofhundreds ofcasesof occupationalincompetence ledto theformulation ofthe principle. In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competent in their position are promoted and competence in each newposition equalizes for promotion to the next highest position until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence at all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in which employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happensto them after promotion (Caillier, 2014). If you will take the example of Great Work work that has created a difference in organization also got the attention management. What motivated that employee to go beyond to do Great Work? It can affect an entire organization in a way that is positive in nature. It will inspire fellow employees, to create a growth which is positive growth for a organization as whole. For organization trying encouraging workers to innovative work, knowing what employees will produce Good Work is very important (Korzynski,2013). It is important that to recognize that work performance of the employees varies greatly, as the organization for which employees work. In order to compare and understand the causes different employees who are present in different organization who are producing great work that is taking the organization to another level of excellence. The factor causes different employees at a different organizations to perform Great Work, it was very important to categorize both employees and the organizations t.hey work for, employees in terms of their background of producing Great Work on a constant basis, and organizations in relation to types and power of motivating perks and practices that they make use of the situation to help encourage their workforce to generate Great Work more constantly (Latham, 2012). In our centre groups, we found that almost all employees think that they create huge effort on a constant basis; and although our participants understood the definition of huge work, the examples of Great Work that they shared with us indicated that few of them in fact created Great Work constantly. In the book Management Organizational Behavior by Laurie l. Mullins Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman suggest: One way to recognize why people behave as they do at work is to view an organization as an iceberg. What sinks ships isnt always what sailors can see, but what they cant see. The Effect of Motivation on Employee Productivity Motivation is a helpful instrument in thehands of management for efficiency of the workforce.Motivation increases the willingness of the workers towork, thus increasing effectiveness of the organization (Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain, 2014). Motivated employees are inclined to be moreproductive than non-motivated employees. Mostbusinesses make some pains to motivate workers butthis is normally easier said than done. Employees are allindividuals with different likes dislikes and needs, anddifferent things will motivate each. Motivated Employees AreMore Productive:If employee will satisfied and happy then he/she willdo his /her work in a very impressive way, and then theresult will be good, on the other hand motivatedemployee will motivate other employees in office. Decision-making and practical Expectations:It is important to engage employees in the decision-making process, but create realistic expectations in theprocess (Vidyarthi, Anand Liden, 2014). Job Description, Work Environment andFlexibility:A safeand non-threatening work environment is necessary tomaintain a high level of employee motivation. Flexiblehuman resource policies, flexible time, work fromhome, childcare also be liable to have happier and moremotivated workers. Pay and Benefits:Keeping employees motivated with good benefits iseasy. Company Culture:Creating a positive and employee-friendly companyculture is a great motivational tool References Ankli, R. E., Palliam, R. (2012). Enabling a motivated workforce: exploring the sources of motivation.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,26(2), 7-10. Barrick, M. R., Thurgood, G. R., Smith, T. A., Courtright, S. H. (2015). Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), 111-135. Canrinus, E. T., Helms-Lorenz, M., Beijaard, D., Buitink, J., Hofman, A. (2012). Self-efficacy, job satisfaction, motivation and commitment: Exploring the relationships between indicators of teachers professional identity.European journal of psychology of education,27(1), 115-132. Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. Chen, X. P., Eberly, M. B., Chiang, T. J., Farh, J. L., Cheng, B. S. (2014). Affective trust in Chinese leaders: Linking paternalistic leadership to employee performance.Journal of management,40(3), 796-819. Caillier, J. G. (2014). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership, public service motivation, mission valence, and employee performance: A preliminary study.Public Personnel Management,43(2), 218-239. Daley, D. M. (2012). Strategic human resources management.Public Personnel Management, 120-125. Dinibutun, S. R. (2012). Work motivation: Theoretical framework.GSTF Business Review (GBR),1(4), 133 Guilln, M., Ferrero, I., Hoffman, W. M. (2015). The neglected ethical and spiritual motivations in the workplace.Journal of business ethics,128(4), 803-816. Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., Sarsa, H. (2014, January). Does gamification work?--a literature review of empirical studies on gamification. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 3025-3034). IEEE. Hovivyan, L. (2014).Organizational DNA: diagnosing the health of organizations in Armenia(Doctoral dissertation). Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., Winkler, A. L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance.Human Resource Management Review,22(2), 73-85. Johnson, B. (2012).Introducing management. Routledge. Judge, T. A., Rodell, J. B., Klinger, R. L., Simon, L. S., Crawford, E. R. (2013). Hierarchical representations of the five-factor model of personality in predicting job performance: integrating three organizing frameworks with two theoretical perspectives. Judge, T. A., Simon, L. S., Hurst, C., Kelley, K. (2014). What I experienced yesterday is who I am today: relationship of work motivations and behaviors to within-individual variation in the five-factor model of personality.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(2), 199. Khan, M. I. (2012). The impact of training and motivation on performance of employees. Korzynski,P.(2013).EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN NEW WORKING ENVIRONMENT.International journal of academic research,5(5). Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., Swain, S. D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), 20-37.. Latham, G. P. (2012).Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. Mullins, L. J. (2007).Management and organisational behaviour. Pearson education. Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., Sgroi, D. (2015). Happiness and productivity.Journal of Labor Economics,33(4), 789-822. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being.Journal of occupational health psychology,18(2), 230. Vidyarthi, P. R., Anand, S., Liden, R. C. (2014). Do emotionally perceptive leaders motivate higher employee performance? The moderating role of task interdependence and power distance.The Leadership Quarterly,25(2), 232-244.

Computerize Accounting System Essay Example

Computerize Accounting System Essay Point Sales Management System System Analysis and Design Report March, 2013 Abstract * List of Content * List of Figures * List of Tables Introduction * Background of the organization * Information systems in the organization * The selected project * stating the reason for your selection * The methodology Chapter One Introduction â€Å"Gaza Mall† one of the best shops in Gaza Strip, it consists of two floors, located in the Center of Gaza City, the Mall contains many kinds of sales, from â€Å"Gaza Mall† you can buy clothes, food, accessories, electronics etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Computerize Accounting System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Computerize Accounting System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Computerize Accounting System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Information system used in â€Å"Gaza Mall† is Manual Information system by using Papers and Pens, Manual Information system is good but has many disadvantages. The objective of our project is to change the Information System in â€Å"Gaza Mall† from Manually to Computerized Information system, the Computerized Information system will be a solution to solve a lot of problems of the present Information system, problems such: the Manual Information system might slow down the work process, sometimes we get mistakes from manual calculations, difficulty in calculating bills etc. The reason for select this project is Frequent complaints from customers about multiple and repeated mistakes and after study shows that the main and most important reason for these errors is the manual system used in this organization In order to avoid these errors we decided to start working on this project, which the main objective already been mentioned before â€Å"changing the Information System from Manually to Computerized Information system†. The Methodology that well be used in this project is â€Å"Waterfall† methodology. The reason for choosing this methodology because it has many advantages like: * Simple and easy to understand and use. * Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model – each phase has specific deliverables and a review process. * Phases are processed and completed one at a time. * Works well for smaller projects where requirements are very well understood. Chapter Two Project Baseline plan 1. 0 Overview 2. 1 This plan document is to develop â€Å"Computerized Information system† to let the employees to enter the calculating bills in best way. The system provides â€Å"Gaza Mall† fast work process and save calculating bills, the system will be developed by team consists of two students taking system analysis and design course in spring 2013. The project will start in March 2013 and will end in May 2013. The potential problems related with the current existing system will be totally solved by this new system. 2. 2 This plan document is considered as base guideline for the subsequent phases of the system development which include: requirements, determination, design, implantation and installation. 3. 0 System Description 3. 3 [main functionality] 3. 4 Alternatives of developing this system include: Online registration system Purchasing package Develop for scratch 3. 0 Feasibility Assessment 4. 5 Economic Analysis To establish this system, we need to a number of basic requirements for the system works properly, including computers and other multiple devices as well as the need to create a database and system to handle, so we need to budget estimated at $ 5,000. 4.6 Technical Analysis In this issue, we need to discuss technical matters, including the specification of the equipment required, as well as specifications staff who will use those devices as well as the dangers technical facing the system, such as malfunctions that may occur to the system or the hardware or the database and methods address this failure and also must not forget that the way the system worksof important technical things to prevent errors. 4. 7 Operational Analysis There are several things to talk about in this area, including against the system of workloads and well prepare a plan for the project include workflow optimally at all times of the project as well as the application carefully to stay away from mistakes and processing plan to confront any unexpected errors, on the other hand, the plan must be prepared to seize opportunities that may occur during work For example, a reduction in the price of devices which required to the project. 4. 8 Legal and Contractual Analysis In this issue , we must 4. 9 Political Analysis 4. 10 Schedules, Timeline, and Resource Analysis 4. 11 Management Issues 5. 11 Team organization the Team consists of three member who are: 1. abdelkarem alashqar: project leader 2. Hareth Shehada: analyst and designer 3. Jamil Al-Ashi : analyst and designer 5. 12 Communication plan * Traditional meeting inside the university halls â€Å" two times every weak Sunday and Tuesday. Conversation via Skype At any convenient time. 5. 13 Project Standards and Procedures * The project will make the selling process easier and faster by the â€Å"Computerized Information system† so that will make the customers satisfied. * The new system will facilitate the process of auditing and billing. * In the new system all accounts will be in a safe place and available to revision and amendment at any time. 5. 14 Other Project-Specific Topics * Difficulty absorbing the new system by employees.

Performance Appraisal

Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is a process in which an employ contribution and worth to an organization is valued using accepted performance appraisal methods. There are a number of performance appraisal methods notably essay, forced distribution, graphic ranking scale, and behavioral anchored rating scale appraisal methods.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Appraisal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this report is going to give much credence to the management by objective method, 360-degree performance appraisal, and forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal. A detailed explanation of the three methods will be done bringing into perspective features that these three performance appraisal methods share in common and how they contrast to each other (Stone 1). Forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal method This performance appraisal method tries to order employees by comparing them to thei r colleagues. This helps in assessment of employees divorced from the usual specific judgments done on basis of job components. When straight ranking is to be done it is expected of the evaluator in terms of those who have the best attributes to those who have the worst attributes and those who are effective in their daily undertakings to those who are least effective in the way they do their job. It is imperative in this respect that a criterion is used. Alternative ranking slightly differs from straight ranking in the sense that it has to be done in a specific manner. Ranking like any other comparative evaluation system is fast becoming unpopular because it is discriminatory. This is so because even if employees perform well, a group will always find itself at the bottom and another group highly ranked. Ranking can also not be used to fairly compare employees across different groups, it is absolutely difficult to conclusively say that an employee ranked second in unit X is as good as or better than that employee who has been ranked second in unit Y. Nevertheless, if an organization has limited resources with which they can conduct other performance appraisal methods, the best performance appraisal they can make use of is the ranking method because it can successfully help in differentiating among employees (Stone 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In forced distribution, evaluators tend to rate subordinates in a given distribution. Forced distribution can be used in evaluation of myriad components of job performance as opposed to the ranking method that uses only one component. Forced distribution method is strictly used by managers who undertake to rate his or her subordinates in a given distribution. Some subordinates will fall into 10 percent low category, others in 20 percent below average, others 40 percent average, others 20 percent above average, and finally 10 percent high category. If there were 20 subordinates, 2 of them will be in the low category, 4 below average, 8 of them in the average, 4 in the above average category, and finally, 2 in the highest category. Forced distribution helps to eliminate errors that arise due to rating. These errors are normally attributed to leniency and central tendency. However, forced distribution can cause some grave rating inconsistencies because it tends to discriminate employees in cases where job performance is quite similar. This has caused a problem of acceptability of the results by the raters and ratees hence its unpopularity with this category of people. Problems of acceptability have been grave in circumstances where group members all have high ability (Stone 1). Management by objectives (MBO) performance appraisal method This performance appraisal method has much to do with the evaluator setting up specific measurable goals with employees. The evaluator has to periodically discuss with the employee if he or she is meeting these goals that he or she set to achieve. This performance appraisal program has six main steps that have to be adhered to. Featuring prominently among these steps is the need for setting up the organizations goals. The organization should come up with a clear cut plan for what they intend to do in the next year and stipulate goals that have to met. Secondly, various organizational departments must come up with their departmental goals. This is the duty of the heads of the departments and their superiors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Performance Appraisal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thirdly, the conceived department goals have to be discussed and allocated. It is at this stage that the subordinates in the department have to be brought on board. It is important that these subordinates come up with their own individual goals to make sure that ev ery member of the department has an input into attainment of departmental goals. As a matter of fact, expected results have to be defined by setting individual goals. Heads of departments and their subordinates have to come up with performance targets that are short term. A review of the performance has to be done and results subsequently measured. It is the role of departmental heads to measure up actual performance of every member of staff with the projected results in their minds. Finally, there has to be a feedback mechanism where heads of departments conduct performance review periodically with their subordinates with a view to discussing and evaluating progress made towards achieving the set out goals and objectives (Stone, 11). This method of performance appraisal enhances better communication and coordination in an organization because of frequency within which reviews are conducted hence harmonious relationships. 360-Degree performance Appraisal In this method, the performa nce of an employee is evaluated by consulting different types of people (Farhaan, para. 1). These may be an organization’s customers, its suppliers, and an employee’s peers. Direct reports can also be used. If the performance of a manager is to be appraised using this method, it is the work of the employees to give an upward feedback on how this manager manages them. This performance appraisal method requires the human resource managers to coordinate the whole process to dispel fears associated with the leakages of ones performance among his or her peers. This can be very disappointing within an organization. This method of performance appraisal is mainly conducted to find the gap between ones own appraisal and how others may feel about it. This is critical in analyzing ones strengths and weaknesses and how this can help in improving his or her own performance. The system helps in elimination of biases among employees that is inherent with the forced distribution metho d.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is imperative to note that the system has got its own shortcomings in the sense that if many employees are unhappy it is likely that they can become potential targets. It is therefore important that a right culture is inculcated into an organization before this method of performance appraisal is made use of. This performance appraisal consumes a lot of time and its complexity may eat into an organization time and resources. Its results are always very difficult to interpret. The feedback that is continually received after the evaluation can intimidate the employees and in the process interfere with their output. Conclusion Despite the fact that Forced ranking/distribution performance appraisal method tends to discriminate against employees, 360 degree performance appraisal and MBO also have their weaknesses. The feedback that is continually received in 360 degree performance appraisal interferes with an employee’s morale and can interfere with their performance. MBO enhanc es cohesiveness in an organization because of the frequent reviews. Farhaan, Panagar. 360 Degree Performance Appraisal. 2009. Web. Stone, Thomas. Understanding Personnel Management. New York: Dryden Press, 2002. Print.

Business plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business plan - Coursework Example This will be on peak hours of the day, that is, mornings and evenings from Monday to Saturday. During the day time, the buses will ferry passengers within the city. The buses will make as many trips as possible. The operation starts from 5.00 am to 11.00pm. This is because many city residents work at extreme times of the day and all should be accommodated. This will assure the company stable market all the time. It is approximated that 18,000 people accessing the town every day. Some of them use personal cars, others buses and taxis while the majority on foot. The available transport vehicles have taken the opportunity of scarcity and escalated the fares making the ordinary citizens walk to and fro the city daily. Nevertheless, their condition is pathetic. In order to reach many customers, the city track bus service will prepare business cards and brochures showing the services offered and the location of the company. To reach many customers, the company will introduce online services. This include creation of the company website, use of Facebook and twitter and even internet. This will enable other customers, especially those who want to hire for private use or other functions, to access the services. There will be a central office where the company manages its operations. The long distant travelers will book for their tickets to facilitate effective service. The company will fix bus stations on all routes. The passengers gather at the bus stops for easy service delivery. As the company grows, the buses will be fixed with modern flat-screen TV sets. This will entertain the passengers as the travel. Apart from this, music systems shall be amalgamated. This strategy has not been employed by the existing companies. The city track company will have centralized management system with the manager having full control over them. The central office located within the town will include